Journal: Mediators of Inflammation

Article Title: Auricular Electroacupuncture Reduced Inflammation-Related Epilepsy Accompanied by Altered TRPA1, pPKC α , pPKC ε , and pERk1/2 Signaling Pathways in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats

doi: 10.1155/2014/493480

Figure Lengend Snippet: Establishment of epilepsy rats was monitored by electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. Baseline EEG activity in the sensorimotor cortex was characterized by 6–8 Hz activity in rats when awake (a). KA-induced temporal lobe seizures, including wet-dog shakes (WDS) with intermittent polyspike-like activity (b), facial myoclonia with continuous sharp waves (c), and paw tremor (PT) with continuous spike activity (d). All signals were counted and displayed as bar chart (e). Each type of seizure had its own characteristic EEG activity. Lt Cx = EEG recording of the left sensorimotor cortex; Rt Cx = EEG recording of the right sensorimotor cortex; EMG = EMG recording of the neck muscle.

Article Snippet: Electrodes were connected to an EEG- and EMG-monitoring machine (MPlOOWSW, BIOPAC Systems, Inc., CA, USA).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Brain stimulation with 40 Hz heterochromatic flicker extended beyond red, green, and blue

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52679-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Heterochromatic Flicker Study Summary: The visual pathway from rods, cones, and retinal ganglion cells, through the lateral geniculate nucleus, to the visual cortex forms a complex pathway for human processing and experience of light and colour. In an electroencephalography experiment, we stimulate with 40 Hz heterochromatic flicker with the 15 dyadic combinations of six colours: Blue, cyan, green, lime, amber, and red. ( a ) Retinal processing of visual stimulation integrates both visual effects detected by cones and non-visual effects bypassing cones and detected directly by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). ( b ) Colour opponency axes adapted from , in which the chromatic valence indicates the relative sensitivity of each of the red-green and blue-yellow axes, respectively, to a given wavelength, and thus defines the perceived colour. ( c ) CIE coordinates plotted for the six LEDs (see also Fig. and Table of the supplementary material). ( d ) Spectra of the six LEDs (see also Fig. of the supplementary material). The LEDs are matched empirically by luminous flux to avoid luminance flicker, which leads to an increased radiant flux for blue and red to compensate for the lower sensitivity to these colours. ( e ) Representative average power spectra for high-response combinations. The highest steady-state visually evoked potentials were entrained when the flicker included red and/or blue, suggesting that inclusion of the upper or lower extreme of the visual spectrum is more important than choosing spectrally different colours. For heterochromatic flicker, colour opponency may explain why the sensation of flicker appears to be disjoint from the size of the SSVEP.

Article Snippet: During stimulation, EEG was recorded using the EEG Monitoring Device by Zeto Inc. with 19 channels configured according to the 10-20 system (Fig. a) and a sampling rate of 500 Hz and linked mastoid reference.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Brain stimulation with 40 Hz heterochromatic flicker extended beyond red, green, and blue

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-52679-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Topographic Maps of 40 Hz Signal: The 40 Hz power of the EEG normalised to the average [38;39] Hz and [41;42] Hz power is shown across the 19 EEG channels as topographic maps for four representative conditions (see Figs. to in section S.4 of the supplementary material for all topographic maps and by-channel relative 40 Hz power estimates). ( a ) Baseline condition with no stimulation and open eyes results in no increase of 40 Hz power. ( b ) The Green/Lime stimulus condition (which has the lowest global response) increases the 40 Hz power predominantly at channels near the occipital lobe, though some frontal propagation is evident. ( c , d ) Stimulus conditions with either Blue or Red such as Blue/Lime ( c ) and Amber/Red ( d ) conditions increase the 40 Hz power the most, and the signal is registered at electrodes across the entire scalp, though the power increase is highest at the electrodes near the occipital lobe. All plots are created from grand averages across repetitions and subjects.

Article Snippet: During stimulation, EEG was recorded using the EEG Monitoring Device by Zeto Inc. with 19 channels configured according to the 10-20 system (Fig. a) and a sampling rate of 500 Hz and linked mastoid reference.

Techniques: